Radiator design | the part most people skip
A well-designed heating system starts at the radiators, not the boiler. Every room's heat loss depends on external walls, ceiling type, floor construction, window area and desired temperature. Correctly sized radiators warm the space at a sensible flow temperature (55–65°C in most modern systems), letting the boiler modulate and condense properly. Undersized radiators force higher flow temperatures, which stops condensing boilers from condensing, and immediately costs you double-digit percentage points of efficiency. We size radiators room by room, not by rule of thumb.
